Mathematics / Lorenz Attractor & Chaos
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LABORATORY 40 · MATHEMATICS

Lorenz Attractor: Deterministic Chaos, Strange Attractors & Lyapunov Exponents

Integrate the three-dimensional non-linear Lorenz atmospheric convection system dx/dt = σ (y - x), dy/dt = x (ρ - z) - y, dz/dt = x y - β z, visualize the butterfly strange attractor in 3D phase space, demonstrate sensitive dependence on initial conditions (the butterfly effect), and quantitatively extract the maximal Lyapunov exponent λ = 0.906. Explore interactive numerical methods, evaluate error attenuation and verify convergence orders.

COMPUTE · CONVERGE · ANALYSE

Your virtual mathematics laboratory.

LOGARITHMIC SEPARATION VECTOR NORM—
COMPUTATION STATUS

Ready to execute Step = 1.

1 time unit
Standard Lorenz parameters: Prandtl number σ = 10.0, Rayleigh number ρ = 28.0, geometric ratio β = 8/3 ≈ 2.667

Adjust Step, then execute computation.

Mathematical operations are computed deterministically using 64-bit IEEE 754 precision. Residuals reflect ordinary least-squares regression across successive observations.

Numerical assumptions and limits

The Lyapunov exponent measures only local exponential divergence; once separation reaches the macroscopic size of the attractor, divergence saturates. The simulation integrates the canonical Lorenz system (σ=10, ρ=28, β=8/3) and tracks exponential divergence between twin trajectories with initial perturbation ||δ₀|| = 10⁻⁸ across observation time steps t = 1 to 6. The logarithmic separation scales linearly with time. The linear regression ln(||δ||) = λ·t + ln(δ₀) extracts the maximal Lyapunov exponent λ = 0.906 with R² = 1.000000.

Computational tools & numerical modules.

3D Lorenz Vector Field Engine

Evaluates the coupled non-linear differential equations dx/dt = 10(y - x), dy/dt = x(28 - z) - y, dz/dt = xy - (8/3)z.

Twin-Trajectory RK4 Integrator

Marches two trajectories initialized with infinitesimal initial separation ||δ₀|| = 10⁻⁸ in parallel.

3D Phase Space Projector

Renders the iconic two-lobed 'butterfly' strange attractor onto the 2D display canvas with dynamic perspective rotation.

Euclidean Separation Scanner

Computes instantaneous Euclidean distance ||δ(t)|| = √((x₁ - x₂)² + (y₁ - y₂)² + (z₁ - z₂)²).

Benettin Gram-Schmidt Renormalizer

Renormalizes separation vectors to prevent saturation when trajectory divergence reaches attractor scale.

Maximal Lyapunov Exponent Processor

Performs linear regression on (t, ln(||δ(t)||)) during the exponential growth regime to extract λ = 0.906.

FOLLOW THE METHOD

A reason behind every step.

Integrate the three-dimensional non-linear Lorenz atmospheric convection system dx/dt = σ (y - x), dy/dt = x (ρ - z) - y, dz/dt = x y - β z, visualize the butterfly strange attractor in 3D phase space, demonstrate sensitive dependence on initial conditions (the butterfly effect), and quantitatively extract the maximal Lyapunov exponent λ = 0.906. Standardized input settings: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 time unit.

01

Configure Canonical Lorenz Parameters

Set σ = 10.0, ρ = 28.0, and β = 8/3, noting that the three equilibrium points (origin and two convective roll states C±) are all unstable.

02

Initialize Twin Trajectories

Launch reference trajectory x₁ at (0.0, 1.0, 1.05) and shadow trajectory x₂ at (0.0, 1.0 + 10⁻⁸, 1.05).

03

Integrate 3D Trajectories via RK4

March both trajectories simultaneously using time step h = 0.01 across time units t = 1 to 6.

04

Observe Coherent Phase Alignment

Observe that for initial times t < 10, both trajectories remain virtually indistinguishable, tracing identical butterfly lobes.

05

Measure Exponential Discrepancy Growth

Track the explosion of separation ||δ(t)|| ~ 10⁻⁸ exp(0.906 t), showing complete decorrelation as trajectories diverge onto opposite lobes.

06

Extract Maximal Lyapunov Exponent

Log the standardized logarithmic separation response across time steps t = 1 to 6 and fit linear regression to confirm λ = 0.906.

YOUR NOTEBOOK · 0 OBSERVATIONS

Turn measurements into mathematical insight.

See a complete example report ↗

Points are your recorded observations. The solid regression line validates Lorenz Attractor & Chaos mathematical scaling.

LINEAR ASYMPTOTIC FIT · y = mx + b
ln(||δ(t)||) = λ · t + ln(δ₀)
#Observation Time Step (k) (time unit)Logarithmic Separation Vector Norm (ln(norm))Observation Time Coordinate t = kLogarithmic Separation y = λ · tRemove

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Explain what the mathematical metrics mean.

What mathematical condition on the maximal Lyapunov exponent λ_max defines deterministic chaos in a dynamical system?

What is the approximate fractal Hausdorff dimension of the Lorenz strange attractor?

Why does phase space volume contract to zero over time in the Lorenz system?

What is the theoretical value of the maximal Lyapunov exponent for the standard Lorenz system (σ=10, ρ=28, β=8/3)?